Partial differential equations (PDEs) are widely used for description of physical and engineering phenomena. Some key parameters involved in PDEs, which represents certain physical properties with important scientific interpretations, are difficult or even impossible to be measured directly. Estimation of these parameters from noisy and sparse experimental data of related physical quantities is an important task. Many methods for PDE parameter inference involve a large number of evaluations of numerical solution of PDE through algorithms such as finite element method, which can be time-consuming especially for nonlinear PDEs. In this paper, we propose a novel method for estimating unknown parameters in PDEs, called PDE-Informed Gaussian Process Inference (PIGPI). Through modeling the PDE solution as a Gaussian process (GP), we derive the manifold constraints induced by the (linear) PDE structure such that under the constraints, the GP satisfies the PDE. For nonlinear PDEs, we propose an augmentation method that transfers the nonlinear PDE into an equivalent PDE system linear in all derivatives that our PIGPI can handle. PIGPI can be applied to multi-dimensional PDE systems and PDE systems with unobserved components. The method completely bypasses the numerical solver for PDE, thus achieving drastic savings in computation time, especially for nonlinear PDEs. Moreover, the PIGPI method can give the uncertainty quantification for both the unknown parameters and the PDE solution. The proposed method is demonstrated by several application examples from different areas.

Neuroimaging-based prediction methods for intelligence and cognitive abilities have seen a rapid development in literature. Among different neuroimaging modalities, prediction based on functional connectivity (FC) has shown great promise. Most literature has focused on prediction using static FC, but there are limited investigations on the merits of such analysis compared to prediction based on dynamic FC or region level functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) times series that encode temporal variability. To account for the temporal dynamics in fMRI data, we propose a deep neural network involving bi-directional long short-term memory (bi-LSTM) approach that also incorporates feature selection mechanism. The proposed pipeline is implemented via an efficient GPU computation framework and applied to predict intelligence scores based on region level fMRI time series as well as dynamic FC. We compare the prediction performance for different intelligence measures based on static FC, dynamic FC, and region level time series acquired from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study involving close to 7000 individuals. Our detailed analysis illustrates that static FC consistently has inferior prediction performance compared to region level time series or dynamic FC for unimodal rest and task fMRI experiments, and in almost all cases using a combination of task and rest features. In addition, the proposed bi-LSTM pipeline based on region level time series identifies several shared and differential important brain regions across task and rest fMRI experiments that drive intelligence prediction. A test-retest analysis of the selected features shows strong reliability across cross-validation folds. Given the large sample size from ABCD study, our results provide strong evidence that superior prediction of intelligence can be achieved by accounting for temporal variations in fMRI.

我们可以在单个网络中训练混合歧视生成模型吗？最近在肯定中回答了这个问题，引入了基于联合能量的模型（JEM）的领域，该模型（JEM）同时达到了高分类的精度和图像生成质量。尽管有最近的进步，但仍存在两个性能差距：标准软磁性分类器的准确性差距，以及最先进的生成模型的发电质量差距。在本文中，我们引入了各种培训技术，以弥合JEM的准确性差距和一代质量差距。 1）我们结合了最近提出的清晰度最小化（SAM）框架来训练JEM，从而促进了能量景观的平滑度和JEM的普遍性。 2）我们将数据扩展排除在JEM的最大似然估计管道中，并减轻数据增强对图像生成质量的负面影响。在多个数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，我们的Sada-Jem在图像分类，图像产生，校准，分布外检测和对抗性鲁棒性方面实现了最先进的表现，并优于JEM JEM。

扩散降级概率模型（DDPM）和视觉变压器（VIT）分别在生成任务和判别任务中表现出重大进展，到目前为止，这些模型已在其自身领域中很大程度上开发出来。在本文中，我们通过将VIT结构集成到DDPM之间，建立DDPM和VIT之间的直接联系，并引入一种称为“生成Vit（Genvit）”的新生成模型。VIT的建模灵活性使我们能够将Genvit进一步扩展到混合判别生成建模，并引入混合VIT（HYBVIT）。我们的工作是最早探索单个VIT以共同探索图像生成和分类的人之一。我们进行了一系列实验，以分析提出的模型的性能，并证明它们在生成和判别任务中都超过了先前的最新技术。我们的代码和预培训模型可以在https://github.com/sndnyang/diffusion_vit中找到。

文本到图像综合的目标是生成与给定文本描述匹配的视觉现实图像。在实践中，人类注释的标题在同一图像中具有很大的内容方差和单词的选择。相同图像的标题之间的语言差异导致偏离地面真理的合成图像。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种对比的学习方法来提高质量，增强合成图像的语义一致性。在预先预测阶段，我们利用对比的学习方法来学习对应于相同图像的标题的一致文本表示。此外，在GaN训练的以下阶段，我们采用对比学习方法来增强来自与相同图像相关的标题的所生成的图像之间的一致性。我们分别评估了我们在数据集幼崽和Coco上的两个流行文本到图像综合模型，ATTNGAN和DM-GAN的方法。实验结果表明，我们的方法可以有效地提高三个度量的合成图像的质量：是，FID和R精度。特别是，在挑战的Coco DataSet上，我们的方法将FID显着地通过29.60％的Attngan来增强29.60％，并在DM-GaN中达到21.96％。

最近，疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）与其他联邦机构合作，以鉴定冠心病疾病2019年（Covid-19）发病率（热点）的县，并为当地卫生部门提供支持，以限制疾病的传播。了解热点事件的时空动态非常重视支持政策决策并防止大规模爆发。本文提出了一种时空贝叶斯框架，用于早期检测美国Covid-19热点（在县级）。我们假设观察到的病例和热点都依赖于一类潜随机变量，其编码Covid-19传输的底层时空动态。这种潜在的变量遵循零均值高斯过程，其协方差由非静止内核功能指定。我们内核功能的最突出的特征是引入深度神经网络，以增强模型的代表性，同时仍然享有内核的可解释性。我们得出了一种稀疏的模型，并使用变分的学习策略适合模型，以规避大数据集的计算诡计。与其他基线方法相比，我们的模型展示了更好的解释性和优越的热点检测性能。

The proliferation of automatic faithfulness metrics for summarization has produced a need for benchmarks to evaluate them. While existing benchmarks measure the correlation with human judgements of faithfulness on model-generated summaries, they are insufficient for diagnosing whether metrics are: 1) consistent, i.e., decrease as errors are introduced into a summary, 2) effective on human-written texts, and 3) sensitive to different error types (as summaries can contain multiple errors). To address these needs, we present a benchmark of unfaithful minimal pairs (BUMP), a dataset of 889 human-written, minimally different summary pairs, where a single error (from an ontology of 7 types) is introduced to a summary from the CNN/DailyMail dataset to produce an unfaithful summary. We find BUMP complements existing benchmarks in a number of ways: 1) the summaries in BUMP are harder to discriminate and less probable under SOTA summarization models, 2) BUMP enables measuring the consistency of metrics, and reveals that the most discriminative metrics tend not to be the most consistent, 3) BUMP enables the measurement of metrics' performance on individual error types and highlights areas of weakness for future work.

The dominant multi-camera 3D detection paradigm is based on explicit 3D feature construction, which requires complicated indexing of local image-view features via 3D-to-2D projection. Other methods implicitly introduce geometric positional encoding and perform global attention (e.g., PETR) to build the relationship between image tokens and 3D objects. The 3D-to-2D perspective inconsistency and global attention lead to a weak correlation between foreground tokens and queries, resulting in slow convergence. We propose Focal-PETR with instance-guided supervision and spatial alignment module to adaptively focus object queries on discriminative foreground regions. Focal-PETR additionally introduces a down-sampling strategy to reduce the consumption of global attention. Due to the highly parallelized implementation and down-sampling strategy, our model, without depth supervision, achieves leading performance on the large-scale nuScenes benchmark and a superior speed of 30 FPS on a single RTX3090 GPU. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms PETR while consuming 3x fewer training hours. The code will be made publicly available.

Underwater automatic target recognition (UATR) has been a challenging research topic in ocean engineering. Although deep learning brings opportunities for target recognition on land and in the air, underwater target recognition techniques based on deep learning have lagged due to sensor performance and the size of trainable data. This letter proposed a framework for learning the visual representation of underwater acoustic imageries, which takes a transformer-based style transfer model as the main body. It could replace the low-level texture features of optical images with the visual features of underwater acoustic imageries while preserving their raw high-level semantic content. The proposed framework could fully use the rich optical image dataset to generate a pseudo-acoustic image dataset and use it as the initial sample to train the underwater acoustic target recognition model. The experiments select the dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) as the underwater acoustic data source and also take fish, the most common marine creature, as the research subject. Experimental results show that the proposed method could generate high-quality and high-fidelity pseudo-acoustic samples, achieve the purpose of acoustic data enhancement and provide support for the underwater acoustic-optical images domain transfer research.

在不同的运动模式之间切换（例如，楼梯上升/下降，坡道上升/下降）时，动力的假肢腿必须预见用户的意图。许多数据驱动的分类技术已经证明了预测用户意图的有希望的结果，但是这些意图预测模型对新主题的表现仍然不受欢迎。在其他域（例如，图像分类）中，通过从大型数据集（即预训练的模型）中使用先前学习的功能，然后将此学模型转移到可用的新任务中，可以提高转移学习的精度。在本文中，我们开发了一个基于人类运动数据集的内部受试者（受试者）和主体间（主体独立）验证的深卷卷神经网络。然后，我们使用剩下的主题中的一小部分（10％）将转移学习应用于主题独立的模型。我们比较了这三个模型的性能。我们的结果表明，转移学习（TL）模型的表现优于主题无关（IND）模型，并且与主题依赖性（DEP）模型（DEP错误：0.74 $ \ pm $ 0.002％，IND错误：11.59 $ \ \ PM $ 0.076％，TL错误：3.57 $ \ pm $ 0.02％，有10％的数据）。此外，正如预期的那样，随着剩余主题的更多数据的可用性，转移学习精度会提高。我们还通过各种传感器配置评估了意图预测系统的性能，这些传感器配置可能会在假肢应用程序中可用。我们的结果表明，假体的大腿IMU足以预测实践中的运动意图。